Baha'i individuals who served in various military or medical roles

Bahá’í individuals who served in various military or medical roles, utilizing their service to teach their religion while under authority:

• 'Ali-Muhammad Khan Varqá: A conscripted artillery officer in Írán.
• Rúḥu’lláh Mawzún: A member of the Naval Officers Division in Írán.
• Dr. 'Abdu'l-Karím Khan Ayádí: An army physician in Írán.
• Malik-Khusraví: A military college instructor in Írán.
• Áqáyán Aḥmadí and Jalílí: Conscripted officers in Írán.
• Philip Hainsworth: A member of the Royal Army Medical Corps during WWII who was the first Bahá’í to settle in Uganda and was named a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh.
• Robert Yool: A British reservist.
• Alvin Blum: A member of the U.S. Army Medical Corps who taught the Faith extensively in New Zealand during WWII and later became a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh for the Solomon Islands.
• Sergeant Bruce Davison: A member of a medical unit who organized the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Frankfurt, Germany.
• John Carl Eichenauer, III: A soldier in Germany who helped restore religious rights to German Bahá’ís and provided a link to the international Bahá’í community.
• Sergeant Jim Heggie: A serviceman who taught the Bahá’í message to fellow young men in the armed forces.
• Benjamin Kaufman: A member of the medical corps who shared his experiences in the book In the Army.
• Captain Henry Jarvis: A captain who served in the Pacific and France, aiding and encouraging Bahá’í communities in those regions.
• Edwin H. Koyl: A Technical Sergeant with a medical unit in New Guinea who shared the Bahá’í message with his battalion.
• Charles H. McAllister: A Pfc. in a medical detachment who taught Bahá’í ideas to nearly everyone in his battalion.
• R. C. Niss: A Technical Sergeant in the Aleutian Islands.
• David Ned Blackmer: A Technician Fifth Grade in a field hospital who distributed Bahá’í literature and spoke of the Faith in England and to army personnel.
• H. Duncan McAlear: A Corporal with the Anti-Aircraft Artillery in Belgium who met people seeking the Faith while on leave.
• Anthony Yuen Seto: A Reserve Officers Training Camp member in Honolulu during WWI who later chaired the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Honolulu.
• Edwin Whitaker Mattoon: A First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army during WWI who met Bahá’ís in other lands and corresponded about the Faith.
• Charles Dunning: A veteran of both World Wars (including service in the RAF) who was named a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh for opening the Orkney Islands.
• Yadu'lláh Vahdat: A Lieutenant-Colonel in Iran nicknamed "Shield of the Faith" who was retired due to his beliefs and killed in 1981.
• 'Abbas Íshqúlí: A retired Colonel who served as Secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly of Írán and protected the community during persecutions.
• 'Ináyatu'lláh Suhráb: A retired Colonel who undertook travel teaching trips to remote tribal areas in Írán and compiled study courses.
• Munír Vakíl: A Brigadier and legal counsellor in the Iraqi Ministry of Defence who became a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh for the Kuria Muria Islands.
• Philip Desmond Harvey: A Royal Navy aircraft technician who pioneered for over 36 years in southern Africa.
• Lloyd Gardner: A Navy medic during WWII who helped establish the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Halifax, Canada.
• Iraj Afshín: A Colonel in the Iranian Army.
• 'Abdu'l-Majíd Mutahhar: An army administrator who left the military to pioneer as a teacher in remote villages of Iran.
• Mansúr 'Ahdiyyih: A veteran of the Iranian military who later served as a custodian of the Bahá’í Shrines in the Holy Land.
• James Wilbur Walton: A U.S. Army veteran of WWII and a travel teacher.
• Fritz Semle: A WWI soldier.

(Source: Baha'i World)

https://notebooklm.google.com/notebook/877b77d6-ffc1-4251-8f33-aaebe1be7b4f

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Shoghi Effendi paid a visit to David Ben-Gurion, to establish a good relationship

on 21 January 1949 he paid a visit to the Prime Minister of the new State of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, to establish a good relationship and to inform him about the Bahá’í Faith and his own role as head. He responded to a request by Mr Ben-Gurion for more information by promising to send him his history, God Passes By.

(Coronation On Carmel by Michael V. Day)

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a station such as none other woman hath surpassed,

Moreover, as a further testimony to the majestic unfoldment and progressive consolidation of the stupendous undertaking launched by Bahá'u'lláh on that holy mountain, may be mentioned the selection of a portion of the school property situated in the precincts of the Shrine of the Báb as a permanent resting-place for the Greatest Holy Leaf, the "well-beloved" sister of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the "Leaf that hath sprung" from the "Pre-existent Root," the "fragrance" of Bahá'u'lláh's "shining robe," elevated by Him to a "station such as none other woman hath surpassed," and comparable in rank to those immortal heroines such as Sarah, Asiyih, the Virgin Mary, Fatimih and Tahirih, each of whom has outshone every member of her sex in previous Dispensations.

(Bahá'í Answers, compiled by Olivia Kelsey, 1947, APPROVED BY THE REVIEWING COMMITTEE OF THENATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY OF THE BAHÁ’ÍS
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA)

https://bahai-library.com/kelsey_bahai_answers

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Baha'i Prophecies about Iran, Israel, the United States & future Baha'i Commonwealth

Nor should a survey of the outstanding features of so blessed and fruitful a ministry omit mention of the prophecies which the unerring pen of the appointed Center of Bahá'u'lláh's Covenant has recorded. These foreshadow the fierceness of the onslaught that the resistless march of the Faith must provoke in the West, in India and in the Far East when it meets the time-honored sacerdotal orders of the Christian, the Buddhist and Hindu religions. They foreshadow the turmoil which its emancipation from the fetters of religious orthodoxy will cast in the American, the European, the Asiatic and African continents. They foreshadow the gathering of the children of Israel in their ancient homeland; the erection of the banner of Bahá'u'lláh in the Egyptian citadel of Sunni Islam; the extinction of the powerful influence wielded by the Shí'ah ecclesiastics in Persia; the load of misery which must needs oppress the pitiful remnants of the breakers of Bahá'u'lláh's Covenant at the world center of His Faith; the splendor of the institutions which that triumphant Faith must erect on the slopes of a mountain, destined to be so linked with the city of 'Akká that a single grand metropolis will be formed to enshrine the spiritual as well as the administrative seats of the future Bahá'í Commonwealth; the conspicuous honor which the inhabitants of Bahá'u'lláh's native land in general, and its government in particular, must enjoy in a distant future; the unique and enviable position which the community of the Most Great Name in the North American continent must occupy, as a direct consequence of the execution of the world mission which He entrusted to them: finally they foreshadow, as the sum and summit of all, the "hoisting of the standard of God among all nations" and the unification of the entire human race, when "all men will adhere to one religion ... will be blended into one race, and become a single people." (God Passes By, p. 314-6)

(Bahá'í Answers, compiled by Olivia Kelsey, 1947, APPROVED BY THE REVIEWING COMMITTEE OF THENATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY OF THE BAHÁ’ÍS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA)

https://bahai-library.com/kelsey_bahai_answers

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It’s not exactly true to say that the Baháʼí Faith is the only religion to have never split.

One Baha'i critic stated the following in a comment on Youtube:

It’s not exactly true to say that the Baháʼí Faith is the only religion to have never split. This is for two reasons: 

1.) The Baháʼí Faith has split. First there was the Bahá'í–Azali split in 1863 (there are still a few thousand Azalis around, mostly in Iran and Uzbekistan). Then, in 1939, the Caravan of East and West severed its ties with the Baháʼí Faith (they still exist and operate an adult-education Italian language school in New York). In 1960, the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith split and has continued into the 21st century with two or three groups numbering around 200 collectively, mostly in the United States and India. There’s also Unitarian Baháʼís, Free Baháʼís, the Reform Bahá’í Faith, the Baháʼís Under the Provisions of the Covenant, the Tarbiyat Baha'i Community, the Universal Faith and Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, and the House of Mankind and the Universal Palace of Order.

2.) If the Baháʼí Faith has never split, then lots of other religions also haven’t. The Druze faith hasn’t. Scientology hasn’t. Mandaeism hasn’t. Yazidism hasn’t. Ayyavazhi hasn’t (there are 2.7 million more Ayyavazhis in the world than there are Baháʼís). There are probably hundreds of religions that could claim, by this reasoning, to have never experienced a split.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL5Uc3Y2kv0&lc=UgyckIuP7cjcLJq-ikN4AaABAg

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Shoghi was more like a king than a religious figure

Shoghi Effendi became the leader of the Baha'i faith at age twenty four and was so shocked by the news that he said he stopped feeling like a normal person. Instead of leading right away, he suffered a physical collapse and fled to the mountains of Switzerland for many months, leaving the community without a clear head. During his long time as leader, he often got very sick and exhausted because he tried to do almost everything himself and refused to let others help with his work. He also broke with old traditions of kindness, such as refusing to meet with local religious leaders (like Muftis) who had always been welcomed by Abdul Baha.

His leadership style was very different from his grandfather, as people found him to be stern, impersonal, and more like a king than a religious figure. He moved the Baha'i faith away from being about a single person and focused more on a strict administrative system. He demanded that everyone follow this system exactly, stating that a person's own conscience must give way to the will of the majority in group decisions. 

Shoghi Effendi was often very critical of Baha'is in the West, especially those in America, calling them soft, materialistic, and lazy. He told them they were failing at their duties and needed shock medicine to wake them up from their inactive state. His time as leader was also marked by many painful fights with his own family members. Eventually almost all of his relatives were cast out of the religion and labeled as enemies or Covenant-breakers.

His intense focus on work was so strong that his wife said it was slowly killing him. He spent nearly all his time reading and writing thousands of letters, which left him with almost no time for rest or a normal personal life. When he died suddenly in 1957, it caused a massive crisis because he did not leave a written will or name a new leader to follow him. This left the entire community in a state of great confusion and fear about how to survive without any clear instructions.

(Extracted from Shoghi Effendi: Through the Pilgrim’s Eye, Volume 1 & 2)

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submission to the authority of the Spiritual Assemblies is a matter of faith.

One day in discussing the question of submission to the authority of the Spiritual Assemblies Shoghi Effendi said: "The Master has not left any latitude for personal opinion, it is not a matter of reason, it is a matter of faith.

'Some of the instructions and commands may seem unreasonable, but if we believe we have faith in them and the sign of faith is obedience. The whole question resolves itself into a matter of faith and obedience is the proof of faith, it is the result of faith, if we do not obey it is because we have not faith in the commands of the Master.

'I cannot see it in any other way.

(Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim's Eye, Volume 1, Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952 by Earl Redman)

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Shoghi Effendi was a dark-complexioned man, dressed in Western attire but wearing a fez

I [Marcus Bach] saw coming through the adjoining room a small, dark-complexioned man, dressed in Western attire but wearing a fez. His clean-shaven face and slender figure registered indomitable strength...

(Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim's Eye, Volume 1, Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952 by Earl Redman)

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Main actors during the Constitutional Revolution were Baha'is not Azalis according to Moojan Momen.

It is the thesis of this paper that the evidence presented demonstrates that the main actors in this period [Constitutional Revolution, 1883–1906] were not Azalí Bábís as is usually stated but were either Bahá’ís or persons actively engaged with the Bahá’í community.

(The Reform Movement in Isfahan, Iran: The Role of Bábís and Bahá’ís by Moojan Momen)

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/17/6/717

The Constitutional Revolution was a nationalist and religious movement that arose in response to European interference in Iran's internal affairs. According to Mongol Bayat, it was led by a coalition of patriots, merchants & religious leaders, its primary goal was to replace the arbitrary rule of the Qajar monarchy with a representative government and the rule of law. This struggle eventually led to the establishment of the first Iranian parliament known as the Majles, and the promulgation of a national constitution in 1906.

Azalis contributed to the revolution by acting as secret religious dissidents who shifted their focus from doctrinal reforms to a broader political struggle for national liberation. To avoid persecution and gain public trust, they often practiced Taqiyya (Dissimulation) to hide their true identity while wearing traditional clerical turbans and garb. Key Azali figures and their networks were instrumental in forming secret societies, mobilizing religious students and distributing revolutionary literature that pushed high ranking religious leaders into action.

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Alvin told Shoghi Effendi that he would love to stay and teach in Israel

Alvin told Shoghi Effendi that he would love to stay and teach in Israel, but the Guardian said that it was not yet the time. Shoghi Effendi said that the million Jews who had come to Israel since it became a nation were not attached to religion, but to race. He told Alvin that the Israelis would develop the country and over time would slowly begin to understand the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh. After world leaders began acknowledging the Faith, their eyes would be opened.

(Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim's Eye, Volume 2, Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952 by Earl Redman)

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Covenant-breakers were against the Jews

Virtually all the Covenant-breakers fled Haifa and Akka, joining forces with the Arab community in Lebanon and eventually becoming integrated into Islamic society.

(Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim's Eye, Volume 1, Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952 by Earl Redman)

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Shoghi Effendi's relations with the State of Israel

• Shoghi Effendi welcomed the emergence of the independent State of Israel with "great satisfaction," praising the maturity of its leaders and people.
• He viewed the re-establishment of the Jewish State as the fulfillment of divine promises made to the Jewish people by Baha'u'llah.
• He described the formation of the state as the Jewish people successfully asserting their sovereignty in the land of their ancestors.
• The Baha'i administration maintained friendly relations with the Israeli government, characterized by mutual understanding and cooperation.
• High-level visits were made to Baha'i Shrines by Israeli officials, including President Itzhak Ben-Zvi, which signaled official respect for the Baha'i Faith.
• Shoghi Effendi found the Israeli authorities to be supportive and stable, providing a better environment for the development of the Baha'i World Center than previous regimes.
• He believed the return of the Jews to their homeland was a "clear sign" of the dawn of a new era of global justice and peace.

Ugo Giachery remembers Shoghi Effendi as "the essence of justice".

(Extracted from the book "Shoghi Effendi - Recollections" by Ugo Giachery, 1973)

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Bab's notions did not contain much originality. Mahommedans... ought to be exterminated.

Bab's notions did not contain much originality. Atheism, under the disguise of pantheism, was the basis of his principles. Every single atom in the universe, he said, was actually God, and the whole universe collectively was God ; not a representative of, or emanation from God, but God himself. Everything in short was God. Bab was God, and every living creature down to each lowest insect. Death was not real it was only another form of divinity, if such language has any signification at all. Virtue had no existence, neither had vice; they were necessarily wholly indifferent, as being portions or emanations of the Godhead. Rights of property had no existence, excepting in the equal division of all things among the godly. But this was a fiction, the real doctrine being the reign of the Saints, that is, of the Babees, and their possession of the goods of the ungodly, in other words, the non-Babees. It was the simplest of religions. Its tenets may be summed up in materialism, communism, and the entire indifference of good and evil and of all human actions. There was no antipathy, it was affirmed, on the part of the Babees to Christians, or to the followers of any other creed excepting Mahommedans, who, as they slew Babees, ought to be exterminated.

(GLIMPSES OF LIFE AND MANNERS IN PERSIA, BY LADY SHEIL, p. 179)

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When Zionists arrived in their Promised Land they sought ‘Abdu’l-Bahá for advice.

Even in the twilight of his life ‘Abdu’l-Bahá took the liveliest interest in world affairs. When General Allenby swept up the Coast from Egypt he went for counsel first to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. When Zionists arrived in their Promised Land they sought ‘Abdu’l-Bahá for advice.

(THE PASSING OF ‘ABDU’L-BAHÁ - Excerpts from compilation prepared in January, 1922 BY LADY BLOMFIELD AND SHOGHI EFFENDI)

https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_2/The_Passing_of_‘Abdu’l-Bahá

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Multi-layered relationship between the Bahá'í Faith and the Zionist movement

• Bahá'í leadership viewed the establishment of an independent Jewish State as a direct fulfillment of prophecies by Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Shoghi Effendi specifically noted that this event marked the termination of a "twenty-century-long provincial status" for the Holy Land.
• As early as 1897, 'Abdu'l-Bahá revealed a Tablet confirming that the Zionist Movement would eventually succeed.
• 'Abdu'l-Bahá predicted that the Jewish people would return to their "ancient homeland" and that the land would "blossom like the rose" through their efforts.

• Upon their arrival in Palestine, Zionists reportedly sought out 'Abdu'l-Bahá for advice.
• Shoghi Effendi maintained a cordial and formal correspondence with Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner for Palestine and a prominent Zionist, who also attended 'Abdu'l-Bahá's funeral.
• In January 1949, Shoghi Effendi held a private fifteen-minute interview with Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Following this, Shoghi Effendi sent Ben-Gurion a copy of his book "God Passes By".
• When Bahá'í efforts to lease the Mansion at Mazra'ih through regular channels failed, Shoghi Effendi appealed directly to Ben-Gurion, who intervened to secure the property for the Bahá'ís.
• In 1954, President Ben-Zvi and his wife made an official visit to the Shrine of the Báb, where they were hosted by Shoghi Effendi. Shoghi Effendi later made a return call to the President in Jerusalem.

• In 1925, the Zionist Executive in Jerusalem invited Shoghi Effendi to the opening of the Hebrew University. In 1950, Shoghi Effendi made a financial contribution to the university, which was received with "gratification".
• The newly emerged Israeli state provided formal assurances for the protection of Bahá'í holy sites and the continuation of Bahá'í pilgrimage.
• In 1953, the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs established a separate Department for the Bahá'í Faith, which Shoghi Effendi requested to ensure the Faith was recognized as independent from Islam.
• The Israeli government accepted and continued the tax-exempt status of Bahá'í properties and endowments that had been established during the British Mandate.

• During his North American tour (1920–1921), Bahá'í scholar Jináb-i-Fáḍil addressed numerous Zionist Federations in cities like Montreal, San Francisco, and Portland. His talks often focused on "The Progress of the Jews in Persia" or biblical prophecies regarding their return.
• At the 1926 Universal Esperanto Congress, Dr. Immanuel Olsvanger, a representative of the Zionist Movement in Great Britain, chaired the first Bahá'í session and spoke of the "friendly relations" between the two movements.
• In 1945, Adelbert Friedman, the Southeastern Regional Secretary of the Zionist Movement, was a guest speaker at a Bahá'í meeting in the U.S., lecturing on the "Future of Palestine".
• Zionist publications, such as the "Zionist Record" in South Africa, featured articles on the Bahá'í Faith, describing it as a "vogue among seekers" and noting the support of prominent individuals like Lidia Zamenhof.

• The daughter of Ludwik Zamenhof (the creator of Esperanto and a "keen Zionist"), Lidia Zamenhof became a prominent Bahá'í teacher and was frequently identified in both Bahá'í and Zionist circles as a bridge between the two movements.

Sources at bahai.works:

Bahá'í News/Issue 177

Bahá'í News/Issue 20

Bahá'í News/Issue 425

Bahá'í World/Volume 1/The Passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá

Bahá'í World/Volume 13/The Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith

Bahá'í World/Volume 2/The Bahá'í Cause at the Universal Esperanto Congresses at Edinburgh and Danzig

Bahá'í World/Volume 3/Haifa-and the Bahá'ís

Bahá'í World/Volume 5/Haifa Calling

Bahá'í World/Volume 6/The Modern Miracles of Palestine, by Beatrice Irwin

Lidia Life of Lidia Zamenhof, Daughter of Esperanto by Wendy Heller

Martha Root lioness at the threshold (Garis, M. R)

National Teaching Committee Bulletins/1920/November 15 (Maxwell)

National Teaching Committee Bulletins/1920/November 16

National Teaching Committee Bulletins/1921/April 9

National Teaching Committee Bulletins/1921/March 15

Star of the West/Volume 13/Issue 10

Star of the West/Volume 13/Issue 11

Star of the West/Volume 13/Issue 4

Star of the West/Volume 14/Issue 9

Star of the West/Volume 16/Issue 3

Star of the West/Volume 17/Issue 6

Star of the West/Volume 20/Issue 2

The American Bahá'í/Volume 15/Issue 7

The spirit of agriculture (Hanley, Paul)

World Order/Series2/Volume 4

World Order/Volume 3/Issue 4

World Unity/Volume 10/Issue 5

World Unity/Volume 5/Issue 1

World Unity/Volume 5/Issue 6

World Unity/Volume 6/Issue 2

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